Turbidity removal by rapid sand filter using anthracite coal as capping media

Rapid sand filters are very common in all conventional water treatment plants. Capping of existing rapid can be the promising method improving performance filters. is process which upper bed layer few cm replaced with capping material. However, this technique limited India due to unavailability filter materials apart from sand. Some suitable for anthracite coal, PVC granules, bituminous broken bricks, etc. The attempt made study effect by use coal as a media pilot scale study. A series test runs and experiments using different influent turbidity were tried. has shown encouraging results. Comparative analysis shows that higher rate filtration possible along run less backwash requirement. In present work, capped compared.